Who was Ayatollah Khomeini?

Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini (1902–1989) was an influential Shia Muslim cleric, theologian, and politician who played a pivotal role in the Iranian Revolution of 1979. He is widely regarded as the founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran and served as its Supreme Leader until his death in 1989.

Khomeini was born in Khomeyn, Iran, and received religious education in the traditional Islamic seminary system. He became known for his outspoken opposition to the secular regime of Mohammad Reza Shah Pahlavi, which he saw as corrupt and oppressive. His criticisms of the Shah's regime, particularly his denunciation of its close ties with Western powers, led to his exile from Iran in 1964.

During his exile, Khomeini continued to advocate for the establishment of an Islamic government in Iran, emphasizing the principles of Islamic governance and justice. His writings and speeches, disseminated through various mediums, including audio tapes smuggled into Iran, garnered significant support among Iranians disillusioned with the Shah's regime.

The Iranian Revolution of 1979, fueled by widespread discontent with the Shah's rule, culminated in the overthrow of the monarchy and the establishment of an Islamic Republic. Khomeini returned to Iran from exile to assume a leading role in the new government. He was appointed as the Supreme Leader, a position endowed with ultimate authority over the state and religious affairs, according to the Iranian constitution.

As Supreme Leader, Khomeini oversaw the transformation of Iran into an Islamic state, implementing policies based on his interpretation of Islamic principles. His rule was characterized by the consolidation of power within the hands of clerics, the imposition of strict Islamic law (Sharia), and the suppression of political opposition, leading to significant social and political changes in Iran.

Khomeini's influence extended beyond Iran, as he emerged as a prominent figure in the Islamic world, advocating for Islamic unity and resistance against perceived Western imperialism. However, his policies and rhetoric also sparked criticism and led to tensions with other countries, particularly the United States.

Ayatollah Khomeini's legacy remains highly contested, with supporters praising his role in overthrowing a repressive regime and establishing an Islamic government, while critics argue that his rule was marked by authoritarianism and human rights abuses. Nevertheless, his impact on Iran and the broader Muslim world is undeniable, shaping the course of history in significant ways.